INFLUENCE OF PARENTING AND SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP ON SELF-ESTEEM IN MIDDLE AND OLD AGE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-esteem plays a significant role in middle and older adults’ physical and psychological well-being. Although a number of studies attempted to find the predictors of self-esteem, most studies focused mainly on childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of parenting and spousal relationships on an individual’s self-esteem in the middle and later stages of life with a life course perspective. From the first and second waves of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), data of 4,963 adults between ages of 28 and 84 in the baseline were assessed. A series of structural equation modeling with latent variables of parental affection and discipline, spousal support and strain, and self-esteem was employed to assess the relationship among the latent variables of parenting and spousal relationships. The final model showed that father’s (β = .06, p < .001) and mother’s (β = .05, p < .001) affection in early years predicted higher self-esteem, whereas parents’ discipline did not. More support (β = .10, p = .001) and less strain (β = -.24, p < .001) from a spouse predicted higher self-esteem. Participants’ older age, smaller square term age, higher education, better health condition, being married, and greater income were also significantly related to higher self-esteem. This study highlights that parents’ affection plays a more significant role as compared with discipline in the formation of self-esteem. The findings also suggest that although parenting has a long-lasting effect, marital support is more influential in self-esteem in later life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".