DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS ARE RELATED TO PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS ACROSS MULTIPLE CO-MORBIDITIES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are prevalent and may associate with physical performance and mobility, cognitive function, inflammatory biomarkers and obesity in older adults. It is not clear whether these associations are evident independent of disease or health status. Based on data of 1744 older men and women (age: 50–96 yrs) from 17 clinical studies with various co-morbidities and a set of uniform assessments, we examined associations between Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Score (CES-D) and physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery, grip strength, 4-meter walk, repeated chair rise, self-reported Pepper Assessment Tool for Disability, and Mobility Assessment Tool-short form), cognitive function (the Mini-Metal State Exam, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test), inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6 and TNF-alpha), and Obesity (Body Mass Index and % body fat), using multiple linear regressions adjusted for gender, age, race/ethnicity and study. The relationships were also examined within each study. The average CES-D score of all the study participants was 7.5 (range: 0–49). Higher CES-D score was negatively associated with all the physical performance tests (all p<0.05) and all the cognitive tests (all p<0.05), but not associated with the inflammatory biomarkers or obesity. More importantly, these relationships were generally independent of disease or health status such as obesity, at risk for disability, knee osteoarthritis, high cardiovascular risk profile, renal transplantation candidates or cancer. Depressive symptoms might signal physical and cognitive functional impairment in older adults across disease/health conditions, although they are often overlooked and untreated when occurring with other co-morbidities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".