Migration diversity, spawning behavior, and habitat utilization of winter flounder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) have declined to less than 11% of their historical abundance in offshore areas and have experienced severe declines and inbreeding in coastal subpopulations. Understanding metapopulation structure and disparate migratory behavior is vital to understanding the species’ dynamics. We used acoustic telemetry to evaluate migratory types, homing behavior, and spawning behavior in adult winter flounder (n = 72) in Mattituck Creek, New York. Telemetry results showed that 17% of the tagged individuals displayed resident behavior and remained in the creek year-round despite mean summer temperatures reaching 28 °C. Alternatively, the migratory group (∼83%) started to leave the system when the mean water temperature reached 12 °C. A dominant driver of migration was not indicated; instead, migration out of or into the creek appeared complex and related to date, temperature, lunar cycle, photoperiod, and year. Approximate spawning was estimated to occur as early as November and continued through April based on aggregative behaviors of adults and back-calculations of dates using young-of-the-year otoliths. Our results support the emerging view that winter flounder’s dynamics reflect local life history and population diversity, which are currently unaccounted for in management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".