Oxidative Drug Metabolism by Mammalian Cytochrome<scp>P450</scp>Enzymes Using Their Monooxygenase and Peroxygenase Functions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system represents the predominant biotransformation pathway in the human body for lipophilic exogenous and endogenous compounds. The monooxygenase reaction catalyzed by CYP enzymes involves the addition of one oxygen atom from molecular oxygen to a lipophilic substrate, while incorporating the other oxygen atom into a molecule of water, thereby leading to the production of more polar and easily excreted metabolites. Thus, CYP enzymes are major determinants of duration of action and clearance of drugs. In some cases, CYP enzymes are involved in the formation of chemically reactive and potentially toxic metabolites, as well as in clinically significant drug–drug interactions, which are a widely recognized cause of adverse drug reactions in humans. This chapter focuses on the oxidative biotransformation of therapeutic drugs catalyzed by human CYP enzymes. The topics covered include the identification of human hepatic and extrahepatic CYP enzymes involved in drug biotransformation, CYP bioactivation of prodrugs to pharmacologically active compounds, human CYP drug–drug interactions, CYP monooxygenase and peroxygenase reactions involving drug substrates, and mechanisms involved in CYP oxidative drug reactions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".