The biosynthesis and signalling of cytokinins during the formation of tumors in the corn smut disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tumor formation is a characteristic symptom of corn smut disease caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis. During the development of tumors, cytokinin levels are elevated. Cytokinins are plant hormones that stimulate cell growth and cell division. Although the level of cytokinins is increased, the biosynthetic origins of these cytokinins have not been determined. Are they produced by the corn or the fungus? Both can produce cytokinins when grown independently. In addition, it is unknown as to whether the increased production of cytokinins contribute towards the formation of tumors. To investigate these phenomena, several genes and proteins potentially involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of cytokinins were identified in both organisms. The plant proteins responsible for the biosynthesis and signalling of cytokinins are different from the fungal proteins and this allowed us to determine the changes in protein transcript levels over the course of pathogenesis by using reverse transcription PCR. The results indicate that the increase in cytokinins originate from both the corn and the fungus proteins. In addition, increased cytokinin signalling was also observed during the formation of tumors. This led to a model of the interaction in which the fungus secretes active cytokinins into the corn host. The increased production of active cytokinins leads to increased cytokinin signalling which promotes excessive cell division and the formation of tumors. The enhanced insight into how U. maydis induces the formation of tumors will aid in developing molecular approaches to inhibit tumour formation and mitigate the negative impacts of fungal diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".