The Role of Stress Proteins in Cellular Resistance to Photodynamic Therapy in Bladder Cancer T24 Cells and Colon Cancer HT29 Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) becomes increasingly popular as a treatment modality for some solid tumours, the need for a better understanding of the mechanism(s) of action and resistance are paramount. To this end we have generated Photofrin® PDT-induced resistant variants to numerous cell lines including the colon cancer cell line HT29. There is significant evidence indicating that stress proteins play an important role in determining the outcome of PDT on a cell. In this thesis the roles of the mitochondrial Heat Shock Protein 60 (Hsp60) as well as the endoplasmic Glucose Related Protein 78 (GRP78) were examined in the HT29 cells and their Photofrin induced resistant variant HT29-P14. The expression and role of these two stress proteins were also examined in T24 Bladder carcinoma cells and their GRP 78 stable-overexpressing clones Hsp60 protein was expressed at slightly higher basal levels in the resistant HT29-P14 cells relative to the parental HT29 cells. After incubation alone or PDT action, a temporal and dose dependent induction of Hsp60 was observed and this too was found to be significantly greater in the resistant cells. In the T24 model, no Hsp60 induction was observed following drug incubation or PDT. GRP78 protein levels were increased by PDT action but not by Photofrin® incubation alone in all cell lines tested. In the T24 model, GRP78 transfection resulted in a stable 2-fold increase in protein levels and a 10-20-fold increase in cell survival after PDT at the highest dose tested. A temporal and dose dependent response was noted in all cells and induction of GRP78 protein was lower in the stable overexpresser such that all cell lines had similar post induction levels. In the HT29 and HT29-P14 resistant cells, GRP78 protein levels were similar at basal level, and, both cell lines exhibited the same temporal and dose dependent increases in expression post PDT. Finally, broad scale expression profiling using a "stress" microarray in the HT29 and HT29-P14 resistant variants revealed a very similar expression profile for the 168 of the 169 stress proteins tested with the exception of the small Heat Shock Protein 27 (Hsp27). As confirmed by northern and western blot analysis, Hsp27 is over 20 fold greater at the transcriptional level and 10-15 fold greater at the translational level in the HT29-P14 resistant variant. These findings implicate Hsp27, Hsp60 and GRP78 as possible mediators of cellular sensitivity to Photofrin-mediated PDT. Specifically, Hsp27 appears to play a role in the increased resistance of our induced resistant HT29-P14 cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".