Improved Electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction with Palladium bis(NHC) Pincer Complexes Bearing Cationic Side Chains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stabilizing interactions between charged electrocatalytic intermediates and a series of cationic residues were explored through the synthesis and characterization of six palladium bis( N -heterocyclic carbene) (NHC) complexes bearing unique onium functionalities. The presence of a positively charged, pendant substituent was found to mediate electrode kinetics and facilitate CO 2 coordination to the catalytic center in a systematic fashion. The introduction of cationic moieties into this system is shown to enhance catalytic selectivity for the conversion of CO 2 to CO by as much as 5 times that of an alkyl-bearing analog. A combination of electrochemical experiments and computational analysis demonstrates that catalyst performance benefits most from a bulky onium unit tethered to the catalyst through a flexible linker. This behavior was interpreted as a preference for a wide, hydrophobic reaction pocket that allows for the unhindered formation of catalytic intermediates and mediated interaction with the solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".