From Rome to Montreal: Importing Relics of Catacomb Saints Through Ultramontane Networks, 1820-1914
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article explores one of the most intriguing Catholic devotions of the nineteenth century: how relics of Roman catacomb saints came to occupy a significant place in the religious beliefs and practices of many Montreal Catholics. From 1820 to the early twentieth century, these ancient remains were brought from Rome to Montreal and placed under the altars of churches. The devotion to catacomb saints, this article argues, demonstrates how ultramontane piety developed and was experienced in Montreal. It also reveals how the belief in the miraculous power of these relics shaped Quebec's Catholic culture. Abstract: Le présent article traite de l'une des plus curieuses dévotions du XIXe siècle chez les catholiques : la manière dont les reliques de saints provenant des catacombes de Rome en sont venues à occuper une place importante dans les croyances et les pratiques religieuses de nombreux catholiques montréalais. De 1820 jusqu'au début du XXe siècle, ces restes anciens ont été apportés de Rome à Montréal et placés sous les autels des églises. L'auteur fait valoir que la dévotion aux saints des catacombes témoigne du développement et de l'expression de la piété ultramontaine à Montréal. Il révèle aussi comment la croyance au pouvoir miraculeux de ces reliques a façonné la culture catholique québécoise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".