Atmospheric mass-loss from high-velocity giant impacts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Using moving mesh hydrodynamic simulations, we determine the shock propagation and resulting ground velocities for a planet hit by a high-velocity impactor. We use our results to determine the atmospheric mass-loss caused by the resulting ground motion due to the impact shock wave. We find that there are two distinct shock propagation regimes. In the limit in which the impactor is significantly smaller than the target (Ri << Rt), the solutions are self-similar and the shock velocity at a fixed point on the target scale as $m_{\rm i}^{2/3}$, where mi is the mass of the impactor. In addition, the ground velocities follow a universal profile given by vg/vi = (14.2x2 − 25.3x + 11.3)/(x2 − 2.5x + 1.9) + 2ln Ri/Rt, where x = sin (θ/2), θ is the latitude on the target measured from the impact site, and vg and vi are the ground velocity and impact velocity, respectively. In contrast, in the limit in which the impactor is comparable to the size of the target (Ri ∼ Rt), we find that shock velocities decline with the mass of the impactor significantly more weakly than $m_{\rm i}^{2/3}$. We use the resulting surface velocity profiles to calculate the atmospheric mass-loss for a large range of impactor masses and impact velocities and apply them to the Kepler-36 system and the Moon forming impact. Finally, we present and generalize our results in terms of the vg/vi and the impactor to target size ratio (Ri/Rt) such that they can easily be applied to other collision scenarios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".