Uncertainty-Aware Fusion of Probabilistic Classifiers for Improved Transformer Diagnostics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transformers are critical assets for the reliable operation of the power grid. Transformers may fail in service if monitoring models do not identify degraded conditions in time. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) focuses on the examination of dissolved gasses in transformer oil to diagnose the state of a transformer. Fusion of black-box (BB) classifiers, also known as an ensemble of diagnostics models, have been used to improve the accuracy of diagnostics models across many fields. When independent classifiers diagnose the same fault, this method can increase the veracity of the diagnostics. However, if these methods give conflicting results, it is not always clear which model is most accurate due to their BB nature. In this context, the use of white-box (WB) models can help resolve conflicted samples effectively by incorporating uncertainty information and improve the classification accuracy. This paper presents an uncertainty-aware fusion method to combine BB and WB diagnostics methods. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using two publicly available DGA datasets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".