Bibliographic record
Abstract
With an age of less than ~5000 yr and diameter of 45 m, Kamil crater in Egypt [1] is one of the youngest and smallest terrestrial impact craters. Abundant shock evidence has been reported from Kamil, including impact melt, coesite, stishovite, and PDF and PF in quartz, giving rise to estimates of shock pressures from 20-60 GPa [2,3]. Here we studied zircon in sample L23, a cm-sized clast comprised of shocked and partially melted sandstone ejecta, with lechatelierite, stishovite, coesite, and quartz with PDF and PF [2,3]. Four of twenty zircon grains analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction contain {112} deformation twin lamellae. Lamella lengths range from 1-2 μm, and thus are shorter than those reported from other impact structures, such as Vredefort [4], Sudbury [5], Rock Elm [6], and Santa Fe [7], where individual lamellae are 10s of μm in length. Empirical studies indicate formation of {112} twins at ca. 20 GPa [8], a finding supported by their co-existence (in some rocks) with high-pressure phases [6,9; this study]. The only available laboratory constraint is a diamond anvil cell (DAC) experiment that found {112} twins in zircon powder quenched at 20 GPa [10]. While the DAC experiment did not constrain the pressure at which twins formed, the authors cited plastic deformation of the twins as evidence that that may have formed <11 GPa. Given the porous nature of Kamil target rocks, magnification of a 5-10 GPa shock wave can readily produce >20 GPa conditions locally [11], along with high-temperature. The presence of coesite, stishovite, lechatelierite, and shocked quartz with PDF in sample L23 are consistent with empirically-derived pressure estimates for {112} twin formation in shocked zircon at Kamil crater. Kamil represents the smallest impact structure where shock-twinned zircon has been reported; given the apparent efficiency of {112} twin formation (20% of grains in sample L23), shock-twinned zircon is here shown to provide a robust record of diagnostic shock deformation at even the smallest known impact craters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".