The Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Gene Expression of Insulin, Lipid, and Inflammatory Markers in Infertile Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Candidate for in vitro Fertilization: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: This study was performed to determine the effects of chromium supplementation on the gene expression of insulin, lipid, and inflammatory markers in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who were candidate for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: Forty women, aged 18-40 years, who had been selected for IVF were recruited in this randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. They (n=20/group) were randomly assigned into intervention groups to take either 200 µg/day of chromium or placebo for 8 weeks. Inflammatory markers were measured at baseline and end of the trial. Genes related to insulin, lipid and inflammation were expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), using RT-PCR method. Results: Chromium supplementation led to a significant reduction in serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-1.4±1.5 vs. +0.2±2.2 mg/L, p=0.01), compared with placebo. RT-PCR findings indicated that chromium supplementation upregulated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) (p=0.01), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) (p=0.001) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (p=0.01), as well as downregulated gene expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) (p=0.004) in PBMCs of patients with PCOS rather than placebo. Chromium supplementation had no significant effect on gene expression of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Conclusion: Overall, our findings documented that infertile women with PCOS, who were candidate for IVF benefited from chromium supplementation for 8 weeks in terms of lowering hs-CRP and improving the gene expression of PPAR-γ, GLUT-1, LDLR and IL-1, though chromium had no effect on gene expression of IL-8, TNF-α, TGF-β and VEGF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".