Antibody Responses to <i>Salmonella</i> in Pigs from Weaning Up to Marketing and Presence of <i>Salmonella</i> at Slaughter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonella is estimated to be one of the leading causes of enteric illness worldwide. Human salmonellosis is most frequently related to contaminated food products, particularly those of animal origin, such as pork. Pigs are often asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, highlighting the importance of identifying high-prevalence farms and effective detection methods. The objectives of this study were to investigate Salmonella antibody responses and their association with on-farm shedding and Salmonella isolation at slaughter. Fourteen groups of pigs from eight farrowing sources were followed from birth to slaughter (totaling 796 pigs). Information about farm management was collected through a questionnaire. Blood and fecal samples were collected four times at different stages of production, and palatine tonsils/submandibular lymph nodes were obtained at slaughter. Sera were tested for Salmonella antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and fecal/tissue samples were cultured for Salmonella. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect multivariable modeling method with farm, litter, and pig as random effects. Salmonella seropositivity rates were 20.3%, 5.8%, 15.9%, and 37.3% at weaning, at the end of nursery, at end of grower, and at end of finisher, respectively. Salmonella seropositivity and shedding increased with age (p < 0.05), and pigs shedding Salmonella were more likely to test seropositive (p = 0.02). Antibody response and shedding on-farm had no significant association with isolation of Salmonella from tissues harvested at slaughter. The variation in Salmonella seropositivity due to farm was 28.9% of total variation. These findings indicate that on-farm intervention may be a more effective approach to control Salmonella and to reduce the presence of Salmonella at slaughter. Additionally, the observation that some pigs in this study were Salmonella-negative throughout production and at slaughter is promising with regard to food safety, and studies are needed to explore the genotypes of those pigs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".