Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Amino‐Functionalized Carbon Nanospheres Adsorbents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon nanospheres were prepared and functionalized with carboxyl acid groups (CNS-CA), then reacted with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to introduce amino groups onto the surface (CNS-NH₂) by post-synthesis grafting. CNS-NH₂ was acidified in order to convert the amino groups (-NH₂) into ammonium moieties (<inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01925-ilm01.gif"/>). Various techniques such as N₂ physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanospheres. The removal of chromium ions from aqueous solution using <inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01925-ilm12.gif"/> was investigated. Factors influencing the uptake of Cr(VI) ions such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, and initial Cr(VI) ion concentration were investigated. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted the Langmuir model very well. The adsorption maximum capacity of Cr(VI) was found to be 52.38 mg/g. The reusability of <inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01925-ilm23.gif"/> results indicated that it can be reused five times successfully without loss of adsorption capacity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.047 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".