332 Development of low melting point fat microparticles with incorporation of polysaccharides for effective delivery of an antimicrobial essential oil to pig intestinal tract.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antibiotics have long been used at sub-therapeutic levels to control incidences of post-weaning diarrhea and to improve growth performance in pigs. However, the current trend world-wide is to eliminate the use of in-feed antibiotics due to increased public concerns over the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens, which poses a threat to public health. Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics are needed. Essential oil exhibits strong in vitro antibacterial activity; however; direct inclusion of essential oils to pig feeds has limited efficacy due to their high volatility, low stability during feed processing, interactions with other feed components and poor availability in lower gut. To solve these problems, we developed low melting point fat microparticles usingan essential oil and a fatty acid with incorporation of polysaccharides via a melt-granulation technique. In vitro release of essential oils and fatty acids from the microparticles was determined using simulated salivary fluid (SSF), simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) of pigs. The microparticles with polysaccharides exhibited a slow release rate (%) of essential oils and fatty acids in SSF (21.2 ± 2.3; 36 ± 1.1), SGF (73.7 ± 6.9; 54.8 ± 1.7) and SIF (99.1 ± 1.2; 99.1 ± 0.6), respectively. However, the microparticles without polysaccharides had quick release (%) of essential oils and fatty acids from the SSF (79.9 ± 11.8; 84.9 ± 9.4), SGF (92.5 ± 3.5; 75.8 ± 5.9) and SIF (93.3 ± 9.4; 93.3 ± 4.6), respectively. The microparticles with or without polysaccharides both had a good stability (> 90%) after being stored for 12 weeks at 4 °C or 2 weeks at room temperature (23°C). The results demonstrated that the method developed in this study can be potentially used to deliver essential oils effectively to pig intestinal tract. Future in vivo studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of the low melting point fat microparticles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".