344 Grazing behavior and performance of bred beef heifers grazing stockpiled perennial or annual forages in western Canada.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study compared grazing behavior and performance of bred beef heifers while stockpile grazing in late fall/early winter. Four stockpiled forage treatments were grazed for 2x28 d grazing periods near Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Treatments included: 1)Courtney tall fescue (T; Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., formerly Festuca arundinacea)/Fleet meadow brome (M; Bromopsis biebersteinii) (50:50; TFM), 2)Killarney orchardgrass (O; Dactylis glomeratata)/Algonquin alfalfa (A; Medicago sativa) (50:50; OGA), 3)Courtney tall fescue/Algonquin alfalfa/Oxley II cicer milkvetch (Ox; Astragalus cicer) (50:25:25; TAC) and 4)Fusion corn (COR; Zea mays) in a RCBD with 4 heifers/replicate/ treatment. Heifers were weighed at the beginning and end of each period to determine weight and average daily gain (ADG). A minimum of 3 heifers/treatment wore Lotek 3300L GPS collars to track location every 10 min during the day (05:00-21:00) and 30 min at night (21:00-05:00) during both periods. Windbreak fences were placed on pasture in period 2 when average temperatures and wind speeds were -18.7⁰C and 54 km hr-1, respectively. Time spent grazing (min d-1) was measured by time between location fixes. Animal weight did not differ (P=0.3144) between treatments but differed between period 1 (581kg) and period 2 (525kg;P<0.001). In period 1 ADG increased (1.36kg) and decreased in period 2 (-2.00kg;P<0.001). Heifers spent a higher proportion of time each day at the shelter when grazing TFM (0.5362), TAC (0.4307) and OGA (0.3908) compared to COR (0.06813;P<0.001). TFM was higher than TAC and OGA (P<0.05). Heifers spent more time at shelter (P<0.001) at night (0.5047) than during the day (0.2082) for all treatments. In conclusion, cattle grazing corn spent less time at shelter than those grazing perennial treatments, suggesting corn offered sufficient shelter to reduce non-grazing time. However, all cattle lost weight in period 2 once weather conditions declined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".