Abnormal fetal cerebral and vascular development in hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the cerebral and vascular development in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). METHODS: Pregnant women carrying fetuses diagnosed with HLHS who decided to interrupt their pregnancies were included in our study. Aortic size and blood flow were assessed based from fetal echocardiography. Immunohistochemical staining was performed in brain sections obtained from pathology in fetuses with HLHS and control fetuses without heart disease. RESULTS: Twenty-seven midgestation fetal HLHS were included (gestational age, 23.3 ± 3.4 weeks). Head circumference z scores were lower in HLHS fetuses. Middle cerebral artery pulsatility index, a measure of cerebrovascular resistance, was inversely correlated with the ascending aortic z score (P < 0.05). Fetuses with HLHS had lower capillary density in the germinal matrix and their capillaries were larger compared with control fetuses with (P < 0.05). The expression of neuronal differentiation marker, FGFR1, and oligodendrocyte precursor, O4, were lower in HLHS brains compared with controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study identified abnormalities of vascular flow and structural brain abnormalities in fetal HLHS associated with impaired neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation, as well as cerebral growth impairment, early in gestation. These findings may be related in part to early vascular abnormalities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".