Replacement of Yolk of the Chicken Embryo <i>in ovo</i> with Fresh Yolk or Yolk Varying in Granule and Cholesterol Content
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method has been devised to study the nutritional role of yolk cholesterol in the development of the chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo using egg yolk replacement. Preliminary experiments revealed that 11 mL of yolk in medium-sized eggs were adequate to support embryos from 4 to 20 days of incubation, and that low levels of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and amyloglucosidase (AG) in yolk were tolerated by the embryo. Fresh egg yolk was treated with β-CD at 50 °C, centrifuged to remove the insoluble β-CD-cholesterol complex, and incubated with AG to degrade residual β-CD. The cholesterol content was reduced from 13.1 mg g −1 in fresh egg yolk to 1.3 mg g −1 in cholesterol-reduced yolk supernatant (CRYS). Yolk granules co-precipitated with the β-CD-cholesterol complex. The cholesterol concentration of CRYS supplemented with granules from fresh yolk ( i.e. CRYSg) was 3.2 mg g −1 . When yolks of early 5-day embryos were replaced with 11 mL of CRYS, the maximum survival was 17 days of incubation. When yolks were replaced with 11 mL CRYSg, 30% of embryos survived to 20 days, a significant increase in survival compared to CRYS ( P < 0.05). Sixty per cent of embryos receiving fresh yolk (yolk controls) and 83% of embryos in intact eggs (intact controls) survived to 20 days. The controls did not differ significantly ( P > 0.05). Embryos in the CRYS and CRYSg groups had shorter survivals than yolk controls ( P < 0.001) and intact controls ( P < 0.005). These results suggest a methodological approach for investigations of egg yolk cholesterol and yolk granules in chick embryo development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".