353 Effects of Lactobacillus-fermented barley on intestinal morphology, cytokine gene expression, and fecal microbiota in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88+.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus-fermented barley on gut health in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88+. Thirty-seven piglets were weaned at 21 d of age (6.41 ± 0.47 kg of body weight) and assigned to one of five treatments: 1) unchallenged control (UCC; n = 7), 2) challenged control (CC; n = 7), 3) AGP (CC + 0.05% antibacterial growth promotor; n = 7), 4) Ferm1 (challenged and fed fermented barley; n = 8), and 5) Ferm2 (challenged and fed fermented barley; n = 8). Barley was fermented with either Lactobacillus plantarum or L. buchneri for 90 d under anaerobic conditions for Ferm1 and Ferm2, respectively. Control diets included unfermented barley. On d 10, all pigs in the challenged group were orally inoculated with E. coli K88+ (6 × 109 colony forming unit/mL). Fecal samples were collected at 6, 24, and 48 h post-challenge for microbial profile, whereas intestinal tissue samples were collected on d 13. The pre-planned orthogonal test was performed to compare 1) UCC and CC, 2) CC and AGP, and 3) CC and Ferm1 + Ferm2. Challenged control pigs showed shorter (P < 0.05) villus height in the duodenum and greater (P < 0.05) crypt depth in the jejunum than UCC pigs. The AGP supplementation increased (P < 0.05) villus height and reduced (P < 0.05) IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum. Pigs in Ferm1 and Ferm2 had decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum and IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum than those in UCC. Greater (P < 0.05) fecal abundances of Lactobacillus was shown in pigs in Ferm1 + Ferm2 compared to pigs in CC. In conclusion, the inclusion of fermented barley in the nursery diet enhanced indices of gut health by positively modulating the immune responses and gut bacteria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".