The Effects of Urbanization on the Water Balance of the Fishtrap Creek Basin, Northwest Washington and South Central British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Fishtrap Creek basin is located in northwest Washington State and south central British Columbia. Land use in the basin is predominantly agricultural. Moderate urbanization in the past thirty-five years has increased impervious surface area in the basin from 1.8 to 8.0 percent. Monthly water balances were derived in order to quantify the effect of changing land use on the discharge of Fishtrap Creek. Stream discharges calculated from these water balances, constructed for 1952 through 1953 and 1987 through 1988, compare well with measured monthly and annual stream discharges. The favorable comparison indicates that the water- balance variables are in general reliable. However, in months following long periods of dry weather, calculated discharge was much higher than measured discharge. The discrepancy is probably because the standard water balance method does not account for water stored in the vadose zone below the rooting depth of the vegetation or the time lag required for the water to infiltrate through this zone and into the groundwater reservoir. To interpret the results of changing land use on the discharge of Fishtrap Creek, a hypothetical water balance was calculated incorporating the climatic data for 1952 through 1953 and the land use as of 1988. In effect, climate was held constant while land use changed with time. The hypothetical water balance predicted that, as a result of changing land use, a 7.8 percent increase in annual stream discharge would have occurred if the 1952 through 1953 climate had occurred again in 1987 through 1988. Of this 7.8 percent increase, 2.7 percent is due to increased overland flow and 5.1 percent to increased groundwater discharge. The predictions based on the hypothetical water balance are supported by comparison of actual storm events. For comparable storms, stream discharge was higher in the 1987 - 1988 period than in 1952 - 1953.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".