8. Activating Alternatives in Public Market Trade. The Resilience of Urban Fresh Food Provisioning in Baguio, the Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Throughout the Global South, governments have responded to rapid urban growth by embracing visions of 'modernity' that favour constructing large-scale infrastructure projects (e.g., supermarkets) while discouraging or even destroying what they view as the remnants of 'traditional' entrepreneurial trade (e.g., public marketplaces).Such policies disrupt long-standing livelihoods and provisioning networks on which urbanites have depended for decades.This chapter engages this issue by using the retail vegetable trade in the Baguio City Public Market (BCPM) in the northern Philippines, to argue that marketers innovatively combine public 'advocacy' and under-the-radar 'everyday' politics to sustain the diversity of their urban livelihood options despite the development challenges they face.To protest the Baguio government's 1995 privatization of the public market, marketers launched civil lawsuits and appeals that continue to thwart municipal action today.Given delays in court decisions, marketers simultaneously operationalize social capital networks and everyday politics of 'gray spacing' to achieve short-term gains that secure their enterprises (e.g., expanding displays into market aisles).That BCPM officials allow merchants to pay rent for such market guideline infractions highlights governments' complicity in formalizing informal and illegal practices as urban organizing logics when it is to their advantage.Although Baguio's supermarket sector is expanding, public marketers have developed a complementary rather than singularly competitive relationship with supermarket venues.I argue that BCPM retailers' advocacy materializes how civic engagement
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".