Pathophysiological Stable Isotope Fractionation: Assessing the Impact of Anemia on Enamel Apatite δ18O and δ13C Values and Bone Collagen δ15N and δ13C Values
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within the past quarter century, researchers have taken steps to understand pathophysiological stable isotope fractionation within mammalian tissues more accurately. Biomedically, researchers have demonstrated that pulmonary disease, smoking, organ failure, anemia, anorexia, and changes in metabolic rate all affect the isotopic composition of human tissues and tissue by-products. This research strongly suggests that a relationship exists between human (patho)physiology and stable isotope biochemistry. Despite the results achieved by these studies, only a small minority of bioarchaeologists have attempted to elucidate these mechanisms in human skeletal and dental tissues. This research presents the results of a pilot study aimed at examining the degree to which bone collagen δ13C and δ15N values and enamel apatite δ18O and δ13C values vary between individuals with and without lesions indicative of a chronic anemia. Consistent with previous research, our results indicate that the enamel apatite of suspected anemics have significantly lower δ18O values relative to their lesion-free counterparts (U = 4.00, p = 0.05); however, this result was limited to the first permanent molar. Due to the small sample size and the lack of information concerning breast-feeding and weaning practices in the region during this time, it is not possible to link this variation definitively to the pathophysiology of anemia and/or its sequelae. There was no significant variation in bone collagen δ13C or δ15N values between anemic and lesion-free juveniles (δ13C: U = 26.00, p = 0.38; δ15N: U = 33.00, p = 0.85) or between anemic and lesion-free adults (δ15N: U = 2.70, p = 0.26; δ13C: U = 4.57, p = 0.10). A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors may have contributed to the lack of variation. While sample sizes are small, the data indicate that future analysis is warranted. En el último cuarto de siglo, los investigadores han tomado medidas para comprender con mayor precisión Fraccionamiento de isótopos estables fisiopatológicos en tejidos de mamíferos. Biomédicamente, los investigadores han Demostró que la enfermedad pulmonar, el tabaquismo, la insuficiencia orgánica, la anemia, la anorexia y los cambios metabólicos. La velocidad de todos los efectos de la composición isotópica de los tejidos humanos y los productos derivados del tejido. Esta investigación fuertemente sugiere que existe una relación entre la fisiología humana (patho) y la bioquímica de isótopos estables. A pesar de los resultados logrados por estos estudios, solo una pequeña minoría de bioarqueólogos ha intentado Elucidar estos mecanismos en los tejidos humanos esqueléticos y dentales. Esta investigación presenta los resultados de un estudio piloto destinado a examinar el grado en que el colágeno óseo valores δ13C y δ15N, y el esmalte los valores de apatito δ18O y δ13C varían entre individuos con lesiones indicativas de anemia crónica, y aquellos sin De acuerdo con investigaciones anteriores, nuestros resultados indican que el apatito de esmalte de las anémicas han agotado significativamente los valores de δ18O en relación con sus contrapartes libres de lesiones (U = 4.00, p = 0.05), sin embargo esto se limitó al primer molar permanente. Debido al pequeño tamaño de la muestra y la falta de información sobre las prácticas de lactancia materna y destete en la región durante este tiempo, no es posible vincular definitivamente esta variación a la fisiopatología de la anemia y / o sus secuelas. Había no hay variación significativa en los valores de colágeno óseo δ13C o δ15N entre los juveniles anémicos y sin lesiones (δ13C: U = 26.00, p = 0.38; δ15N: U = 33.00, p = 0.85), o adultos anémicos y sin lesiones (δ15N: U = 2.70, p = 0,26; δ13C U = 4.57, p = 0.10). Varios factores pueden haber contribuido a la falta de variación. Se requiere más investigación con tamaños de muestra más grandes y una estrategia de muestreo más refinada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.053 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".