Ocean options for climate change mitigation: disposal of greenhouse gases at the sea under the 1996 London Protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The international regime for disposal of wastes at sea, as established in the 1972 London Convention on dumping and its 1996 Protocol, is based on two main rules: the prohibition of all dumping at sea (Art. 4) except for a few wastes listed in Annex 1, and the prohibition of export of wastes for dumping at sea (Art. 6). In order to remove all legal barriers to ocean options for climate change mitigation, in 2006, Annex 1 of the London Protocol was amended to permit carbon capture and storage (CCS) in sub-seabed geological formations. In 2009, article 6 of the Protocol was amended to permit export of CO2 fluxes to other countries for CCS operations. In 2008, a resolution was adopted to permit ocean fertilization for legitimate research In 2013 an amendment of the Protocol was adopted to widely permit future operations of ocean fertilization and other geoengineering activities. The article reviews the legal implications of these initiatives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".