Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article reviews the contribution of two recent biographies about Rafiq Hariri: Citizen Hariri: Lebanon's Neoliberal Reconstruction, by Hannes Baumann and Architecture, Power and Religion in Lebanon: Rafiq Hariri and the Politics of Sacred Space in Beirut by Ward Vloeberghs. Baumann follows a “sociological” approach that uses the biography of an individual to explore the wider process of neoliberalism coming to Lebanon. Hariri looked over Lebanon's transition into a neoliberal economy, during a period that witnessed a Saudi–Syrian entente over the management of the affairs of Lebanon. Vloeberghs follows a multidisciplinary approach that combines insights from various social sciences in order to address the political dimensions of religious architecture and the politics of sacred space in general. Hariri is a controversial figure from recent Lebanese history. His political career is broken down into two periods in both books: prior to 1990, when he was a Saudi emissary and a powerbroker among the various parties during the Lebanon war; and as a statesman in the 1990s, when he climbed to center-stage of Lebanese power. He then started on a downward trend after 2000, and his assassination on February 14, 2005, almost tipped the country into civil strife.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".