A Two-Stage Chance Constrained Approach with Application to Stochastic Intermodal Service Network Design Problems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Compared with traditional freight transportation, intermodal freight transportation is more competitive which can combine the advantages of different transportation modes. As a consequence, operational research on intermodal freight transportation has received more attention and developed rapidly, but it is still a young research field. In this paper, a stochastic intermodal service network design problem is introduced in a sea-rail transportation system, which considers stochastic travel time, stochastic transfer time, and stochastic container demand. Given candidate train and ship services, we develop a two-stage chance constrained programming model for this problem with the objective of minimising the expected total cost. The first stage allows for the selection of operated services, while the second stage focuses on the determination of intermodal container routes where capacity and on-time delivery chance constraints are presented. A hybrid heuristic algorithm, incorporating sample average approximation and ant colony optimisation, is employed to solve this model. The proposed model is applied to a realistic intermodal sea-rail network, which demonstrates the performance of the model and algorithm as well as the influence of stochasticity on transportation plans. Hence, the proposed methodology can improve effectively the performance of intermodal service network design scheme under stochastic conditions and provide managerial insights for decision-makers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".