Exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids and myopia in the general U.S. population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide but its causes are not yet fully understood. Previous research suggests that exposure to pesticides might be associated with human myopia, although only highly-exposed individuals were studied. We aimed to assess whether exposure to organophosphates (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides was associated with the prevalence of myopia in the U.S. general population. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, years 1999-2008). Urinary concentrations of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites, namely three dimethyl alkylphosphates (DMAP) and three diethyl alkylphosphates (DEAP), were used to estimate exposure to OPs, and the metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid was used to estimate pyrethroid exposure. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the relation between log10-transformed pesticide metabolite concentrations and the risk of myopia in general (≤ -1 diopter (D)), moderate myopia (-1D to -5D) or severe myopia (≤ -5D) all compared to no myopia (> -1D). Models were adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, income, cigarette and alcohol consumption. Pesticide metabolites and equivalent spherical refraction errors were available for 6135 and 3549 adults 20-85 years of age for OPs and pyrethroids, respectively. Results: Overall, no association between OPs or pyrethroid metabolites and myopia was observed. However, when stratifying by sex, males had higher odds of moderate myopia in association with a 10-fold increase of ∑DMAP (OR: 1.19) and a decrease of severe myopia following a 10-fold increase of ∑DAP (OR: 0.63), which was due largely to ∑DMAP (OR: 0.59). There were no significant associations in females. Conclusions: This study showed that exposure to OPs, in particular to DMAP, was associated with myopia but only in males. The observed decrease of severe myopia may be due to a decrease in eye elongation, as shown previously in experimental models.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".