Rates and pathways of CH<sub>4</sub> oxidation in ferruginous Lake Matano, Indonesia
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study evaluates rates and pathways of methane (CH 4 ) oxidation and uptake using 14 C‐based tracer experiments throughout the oxic and anoxic waters of ferruginous Lake Matano. Methane oxidation rates in Lake Matano are moderate (0.36 nmol L −1 day −1 to 117 μmol L −1 day −1 ) compared to other lakes, but are sufficiently high to preclude strong CH 4 fluxes to the atmosphere. In addition to aerobic CH 4 oxidation, which takes place in Lake Matano's oxic mixolimnion, we also detected CH 4 oxidation in Lake Matano's anoxic ferruginous waters. Here, CH 4 oxidation proceeds in the apparent absence of oxygen (O 2 ) and instead appears to be coupled to some as yet uncertain combination of nitrate ( ), nitrite ( ), iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn), or sulfate ( ) reduction. Throughout the lake, the fraction of CH 4 carbon that is assimilated vs. oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is high (up to 93%), indicating extensive CH 4 conversion to biomass and underscoring the importance of CH 4 as a carbon and energy source in Lake Matano and potentially other ferruginous or low productivity environments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it