Gallic Acid Potentiates the Antimicrobial Activity of Tulathromycin Against Two Key Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Causing-Pathogens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common infectious disease in dairy and beef cattle. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and causes a huge economic loss each year. In western Canada, a one-time injection of tulathromycin is commonly used as a metaphylactic procedure to reduce BRD incidence and eliminate potential BRD outbreak. With increased global concern on antibiotic usage in dairy and beef products and bacterial resistance to antibiotics, it is important to develop a novel strategy to eliminate the usage or decrease the dosage of antibiotics. In this study, we showed that gallic acid was active against both Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, two key BRD causing-pathogens, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured at 250 g/mL and 500 g/mL, respectively. Co-administration of tulathromycin and gallic acid exhibited a strong additive or weak synergistic effect towards both M. haemolytic and P. multocida. Tulathromycin, gallic acid and their combination were also effective against the co-culture of M. haemolytic and P. multocida. Furthermore, we showed that pre-exposure to tulathromycin generated bacterial resistance to the antibiotic in M. haemolytica but not in P. multocida.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".