Physics of planet trapping with applications to HL Tau
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT We explore planet formation in the HL Tau disc and possible origins of the prominent gaps and rings observed by ALMA. We investigate whether dust gaps are caused by dynamically trapped planetary embryos at the ice lines of abundant volatiles. The global properties of the HL Tau disc (total mass and size) at its current age are used to constrain an evolving analytic disc model describing its temperature and density profiles. By performing a detailed analysis of the planet–disc interaction for a planet near the water ice line including a rigorous treatment of the dust opacity, we confirm that water is sufficiently abundant (1.5 × 10−4 molecules per H) to trap planets at its ice line due to an opacity transition. When the abundance of water is reduced by 50 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ planet trapping disappears. We extend our analysis to other planet traps: the heat transition, dead zone edge, and the CO2 ice line and find similar trapping. The formation of planets via planetesimal accretion is computed for dynamically trapped embryos at the water ice line, dead zone, and heat transition. The end products orbit in the inner disc (R < 3 au), unresolved by ALMA, with masses that range between sub-Earth to 5 Jupiter masses. While we find that the dust gaps correspond well with the radial positions of the CO2, CH4, and CO ice lines, the planetesimal accretion rates at these radii are too small to build large embryos within 1 Myr.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".