Reduction of Cortical Bone Turnover and Erosion Depth After 2 and 3 Years of Denosumab: Iliac Bone Histomorphometry in the FREEDOM Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Denosumab, a RANKL inhibitor, reduced the risk of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in the Fracture REduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared with placebo. Previous bone histomorphometric analysis in FREEDOM showed decreased bone resorption and turnover in cancellous bone after 2 and 3 years. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of denosumab compared with placebo in the cortical compartment from transiliac bone biopsies obtained during FREEDOM. A total of 112 specimens were evaluable for cortical histomorphometry, including 67 obtained at month 24 (37 placebo, 30 denosumab) and 45 at month 36 (25 placebo, 20 denosumab). Eroded surface, osteoclast surface, erosion depth, and wall thickness were measured on the endocortical surface. Cortical thickness and cortical porosity were also measured. Dynamic parameters of bone formation were assessed for endocortical, periosteal, and intracortical envelopes. Endocortical osteoclast surface, eroded surface, and mean and maximum erosion depth were significantly lower in the denosumab group versus placebo at months 24 and 36 (p < 0.0001 to p = 0.04). Endocortical wall thickness and intracortical measures (cortical porosity and cortical thickness) were not different between the two groups. Dynamic parameters were low with tetracycline labels in cortical bone observed in 13 (43%) and 10 (50%) of denosumab biopsies at months 24 and 36, respectively, reflecting a marked decrease in bone turnover. In conclusion, our data reveal the mechanism of action of denosumab on cortical bone: inhibition of osteoclastic resorption and reduced activation of new remodeling sites. In addition, reduced endocortical erosion depth with no change of wall thickness may contribute to increased bone strength by reducing the bone loss and fragility associated with deep resorption cavities and may likely contribute to the greater BMD gain with denosumab than with other antiresorptive agents. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".