Greenhouse gas formation in ice wedges at Cyuie, central Yakutia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trapped in ice wedges may provide useful information on biogeochemical environments in ground ice. Previous studies have reported highly elevated CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios in ice wedges. However, N2O mixing ratios in ice wedges remain unknown. Here, we present CO2, CH4 and N2O mixing ratios in bubbles and plausible mechanisms of GHG formation for two lakeside ice wedges at Cyuie village near Yakutsk. The CO2 gas age corresponds to the Last Glacial Maximum (18–19 ka). The δ(N2/Ar) values and bubble shapes indicate that the ice wedges formed by dry snow compaction rather than snowmelt water refreezing, while the δ18O and δD values of the ice indicate changes in the source area location and/or the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum. Using a dry extraction method, we obtained gas mixing ratios of 7–13% CO2, 5–130 ppm CH4 and 100–5000 ppb N2O. The δ(O2/Ar) values imply that most of the O2 was consumed by biological respiration. The CH4 is negatively correlated with N2O and CO2. The N2O might have inhibited CH4 production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".