Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution during Physical Activity and Heart Rate Variability, Endothelial Function, and Blood Pressure in Women: a Cross-Over Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution may contribute to cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: We conducted a cross-over study among 53 healthy non-smoking women (18-44 years of age) in Montreal, Canada during summer 2013. Each women exercised for 2-hours in high and low-traffic areas as well as indoors and heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, and reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) (a marker of endothelial function) were determined before and up to 3-hours after exposure. Personal air pollution exposures (PM2.5, ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon, NO2, and O3) were monitored during exercise and linear mixed-effects models with random subject intercepts were used to estimate the impact of air pollution on acute changes in physiological measures adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: Each interquartile range (IQR) (10,850/cm3) increase in UFP exposure was associated with a 4.91% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): -9.31, -0.512) decrease in RHI 3-hours after exercise. Ozone was positively associated with blood pressure 3-hours after exposure with each 24 ppb increase corresponding to small increases in both systolic (ß=2.15 mm Hg, 95% CI: -0.100, 4.40) and diastolic blood pressure (ß=1.98 mm Hg, 95% CI: -0.0567, 4.01). Interquartile range increases (15.2 µg/m3) in PM2.5 exposures were associated with decreases in HRV measures reflecting parasympathetic modulation of the heart including RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences in adjacent NN intervals) (ß=-2.73 ms, 95% CI: -4.73, -0.721), pNN50 (proportion of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50 ms) (ß=-2.31 ms, 95% CI: -3.96, -0.665), and high frequency power (ß=-44.0 ms2, 95% CI: -107, 19.6) over the 3-hour follow-up period. Conclusion: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity has a measurable impact on cardiovascular health in women including changes in autonomic and endothelial function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".