Serum zonulin is elevated in IBS and correlates with stool frequency in IBS‐D
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Studies have shown increased intestinal permeability in irritable bowel syndrome. Validating serum biomarkers for altered intestinal permeability in irritable bowel syndrome will facilitate research and pathophysiology‐based therapy. Objective To measure serum zonulin and intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels in diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome and constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome and compare with healthy controls and celiac disease. Methods Serum zonulin and intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome ( n = 50), diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome ( n = 50), celiac disease ( n = 53) and healthy controls ( n = 42). Irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity was measured using the irritable bowel syndrome‐symptom severity scale. Results Patients with constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome had higher zonulin levels compared with healthy controls ( p = 0.006 and 0.009 respectively), which was comparable to those with active celiac disease. Although zonulin levels did not correlate with the overall irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity scale, it positively correlated with stool frequency per week ( p = 0.03) and dissatisfaction with bowel habits ( p = 0.007) in diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Patients with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome and constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome had lower intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels compared with celiac patients ( p = 0.005 and p = 0.047 respectively). Conclusion Serum zonulin is upregulated in irritable bowel syndrome and the levels are comparable to those in celiac disease. Zonulin levels correlated with severity of bowel habits in diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels in irritable bowel syndrome patients were not increased suggesting no significant increase in enterocyte death.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".