Consequences of Fishery Gear Type and Handling Practices on Capture and Release of Wild Steelhead on the Bulkley River
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss are captured and released during spawning migrations by the commercial, subsistence (Indigenous), and recreational fishing sectors, though the consequences of these fisheries interactions on steelhead migration are poorly understood. This study evaluated injury, reflex impairment, behavior, and survival of released wild adult steelhead following capture in the subsistence dip-net, subsistence beach-seine, and recreational angling fisheries of the Bulkley River, British Columbia. Wild steelhead were captured using common handling practices employed in each fishery and were monitored postrelease using radiotelemetry. A greater proportion of steelhead captured by dip net and seine had impaired righting reflexes compared with angled fish, but only fish captured by dip net had notably higher incidence of injury (i.e., net marks, torn fins, flesh wounds, scale loss). Fish captured by dip and seine net had considerably faster peak migration rates (>4,000 m/d) than angled fish (<1,000 m/d), which likely reflects when the steelhead are encountered during their migration in these fisheries (earlier versus later stages). Air exposure (15–74 s) and water temperature (9.2–15.1°C) at the time of capture had significant negative relationships with 24-h fallback behavior (temperature only), intermediate-term (10–20 d after capture) migration rates, and peak migration rates in dip-net-captured steelhead. There were no significant effects of capture duration or fish length on injury, righting reflexes, or migratory behavior. Immediate mortality upon release was rare and occurred in only one fish captured by dip net. The 3-d survival was 88–97% for dip-net-caught steelhead, 96–100% for seine-caught steelhead, and 68–100% for angled steelhead. Despite inherent differences in timing and location between these fisheries, findings suggest that air exposure and water temperature can decrease steelhead migration rates. Fishers should look for opportunities to avoid or minimize these capture and handling conditions when releasing steelhead.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".