Bibliographic record
Abstract
The scientific discovery of general anaesthesia is regarded as a breakthrough in the advancement of medical science.On October 16, 1846 Thomas W. Morton performed the first preoperative "ether anaesthesia", the operating surgeon being Mr. John Collins Warren, Professor of Surgery at Harvard.Nevertheless, forty years had to go by before an ophthalmologist from Trieste, Dr Josef Brettauer, presented the results of a study on the superficial/topical application of cocaine solution for preoperative anaesthesia of the eye conducted by his colleague, Dr Karl Koller , at a congress of German Ophthalmologists in Heidelberg on August 15, 1884 (Koller was financially strapped and could not afford to take part in the congress in person) [1].This date is considered to have given rise to the era of local anaesthesia which, from then on, was widely employed, most often in ophthalmology and laryngology, since the superficial/topical administration of an anaesthetic agent, namely cocaine, limited the area of anaesthesia to the mucous membranes or conjunctiva.However, the first studies on the use of the infiltration technique in local anaesthesia were conducted four years later by Seweryn Perkowski (1845-1907), a Polish medical doctor, working at the Ujazdowski Hospital in Warsaw at that time, with the results of his study being published in the medical journal "Medycyna" (Medicine) in 1888 [2][3][4].In his article entitled "On local anaesthesia and local anaesthetic agents, " Seweryn Perkowski wrote: "I tested the action of sterile water which I injected subcutaneously and it turned out that these injections work perfectly well to relieve rheumatic pain" [2].The results of these studies prove that this Polish medical doctor was the actual precursor of the infiltration technique in anaesthesia.Unfortunately, as Perkowski published his study results in a local Polish journal, a German surgeon, Dr. Karol Ludwik Schleich , who presented his anaesthetic technique 6 years later at a congress of German Surgeons in Berlin, is considered to be the inventor of the anaesthetic infiltration technique.Schleich conducted his
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.101 | 0.040 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".