Strength and Deformability Aspects of Circular Concrete Members Reinforced with Hybrid Carbon-FRP and Glass-FRP under Flexure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the flexural behavior of fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) reinforced-concrete (RC) members has been the focus of many studies in recent years, no research work has examined such behavior in FRP-RC members with circular cross sections. This paper reports on a study in which the flexural strength and deformability of circular concrete members with hybrid reinforcement—carbon-FRP (CFRP) bars and glass-FRP (GFRP) spirals—were assessed experimentally and analytically. Three large-scale RC specimens with a total length of 6,000 mm and 500 mm in diameter were constructed and tested under four-point bending. Three CFRP longitudinal-reinforcement ratios (0.8%, 1.2%, and 1.8%) were considered. GFRP spirals were used to eliminate shear cracks and achieve the full flexural capacity. A steel-reinforced concrete specimen with a reinforcement ratio of 1.2% and steel spirals was fabricated as a reference. Test results indicate that the CFRP-RC specimens failed gradually at a high degree of deformability before concrete crushing. Moreover, the flexural strength of the CFRP-RC specimen with a reinforcement ratio of 1.2% was almost 3.3 times greater than the counterpart steel specimen (with a similar reinforcement ratio) at steel yielding. The ductility and deformability of the test specimens were estimated using different approaches. The estimated deformability factor was significantly higher than that required by the North American FRP-design standards. Detailed design procedures using a computer program are proposed for estimating the flexural capacity of circular CFRP-RC members. The experimental and analytical results are discussed and compared.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".