Performance trends in individual medley events during FINA World Master Championships from 1986 to 2014
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Performance trends during the last decades in elite individual medley swimmers are known, but not for age groups swimmers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine participation and performance trends in age groups swimmers competing in FINA World Masters Championships (1986-2014) in individual 200-m and 400-m medley. METHODS: We included all swimmers (6424 women, 7588 men) for each distance and age groups (25-29 to 95-99 years) in the analysis to avoid a selection bias by limiting to a fixed sample (e.g. the ten fastest). Changes in participation and changes in sex difference across editions were analyzed using linear regression models. Changes in performance across editions were analyzed using a mixed-effects regression model with finisher as random variable to consider finishers who completed several races. Sex, distance and calendar year were included as fixed variables. We also considered interaction effects between sex and distance. The men-to-women ratio was compared using a paired t-test. RESULTS: In 200 m, the participation of women increased from 35-39 to 75-79 years and of men from 35-39 to 85-89 years (P<0.05). In 400 m, the participation of women increased from 50-54 to 75-79 years and of men from 60-64 to 85-89 years (P<0.05). From 25-29 to 90-94 years, women and men improved performance in both editions (P<0.05). Men were faster than women from 25-29 to 80-84 years (P<0.05), but not in 85-90 and 90-94 years. Sex and distance showed a significant interaction from 25-29 to 85-89 years (P<0.05), but not in 90-94 years. Women reduced the gap to men in 40-44 and 45-49 years in 200 m, and 40-44 years in 400 m (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the participation increased in older age groups (>35 years), women and men from 25-29 to 90-94 years improved, and men were faster than women from 25-29 to 80-84 years, but not from 85-89 to 90-94 years. These data suggest that master swimmers will continue to increase participation and improve performance in individual medley. The findings of the present study might help coaches and fitness trainers of medley swimmers to tailor their training programs considering the age of their swimmers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".