Sexual dimorphism of the cuticle and body-wall muscle in free-living mycophagous nematodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in motility-related traits is widespread among animals, including several species of Nematoda. However, no study has examined motility-related structural components and compared them between sexes. We examined the motility-related components in four species: Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus Kanzaki, Tsuda and Futai, 2000; Bursaphelenchus rainulfi Braasch and Burgermeister, 2002; Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister and Zhang, 2005; Parasitaphelenchus costati Kanzaki, Ekino, Ide, Masuya and Degawa, 2018. We measured the structure and amount of cuticle and body-wall muscles and estimated their relationship to body diameter or total cross-sectional area. Although no structural differences were observed in muscle, the relevant muscle area of B. doui and P. costati was significantly smaller in females than in males. This difference was greatest in P. costati. In all but B. doui, the relative cuticle thickness was significantly smaller in females than in males. Furthermore, only P. costati females had no striated basal zones in their cuticles; these are thought to be cross-linked proteins that provide strength to nematode cuticle during body movement. These results indicate that sexual dimorphism in motility-related structural components is present in P. costati and that females invest less energy in the components than do males.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".