A Zwitterionic Polymerizable Surfactant from ω-Hydroxyltetradecanoic Acid Provides Stimuli-Responsive Behavior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ω-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid (ω-HOC14), prepared via an efficient yeast-catalyzed ω-hydroxylation of the corresponding fatty acid, was converted in two steps to the polymerizable zwitteronic surfactant ω-O-maleate-α-2-dimethylaminoethyl tetradecanamide (DMTA). Emulsion polymerizations of styrene with DMTA, bearing carboxylic and tertiary amine groups at the ω- and α-positions, were conducted in different pH environments. Emulsion polymerizations were most successful (particle diameters <80 nm, high styrene conversion) under basic conditions (pH 9.8 and 11.0), where latex samples have highly negative zeta potentials (−40.4 to −46.0 mV). Because of the zwitterionic nature of the surfactant, transparent or semitransparent latexes were obtained under either acidic (pH < 4) or basic (pH > 9) conditions. In the pH range of 4–9, aggregation occurred; however, by adjustment of the pH to either acidic or basic conditions, partial redispersion occurred highlighting DMTA’s ability to provide stimuli-responsive colloidal behavior. Unexpectedly, upon drying the latex formed at pH = 3.1, a membrane with nanodimension pores was formed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".