A Zwitterionic Polymerizable Surfactant from ω-Hydroxyltetradecanoic Acid Provides Stimuli-Responsive Behavior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ω-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid (ω-HOC14), prepared via an efficient yeast-catalyzed ω-hydroxylation of the corresponding fatty acid, was converted in two steps to the polymerizable zwitteronic surfactant ω- O -maleate-α-2-dimethylaminoethyl tetradecanamide (DMTA). Emulsion polymerizations of styrene with DMTA, bearing carboxylic and tertiary amine groups at the ω- and α-positions, were conducted in different pH environments. Emulsion polymerizations were most successful (particle diameters <80 nm, high styrene conversion) under basic conditions (pH 9.8 and 11.0), where latex samples have highly negative zeta potentials (−40.4 to −46.0 mV). Because of the zwitterionic nature of the surfactant, transparent or semitransparent latexes were obtained under either acidic (pH < 4) or basic (pH > 9) conditions. In the pH range of 4–9, aggregation occurred; however, by adjustment of the pH to either acidic or basic conditions, partial redispersion occurred highlighting DMTA’s ability to provide stimuli-responsive colloidal behavior. Unexpectedly, upon drying the latex formed at pH = 3.1, a membrane with nanodimension pores was formed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".