Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jacob Jennings Brown was one of the few consistently successful American generals in the War of 1812. He faced British regular troops in four battles—Sackets Harbor in 1813 and Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, and Fort Erie in 1814—and, if Lundy's Lane be counted an American success rather than a draw, he emerged victorious on each occasion. Yet Brown has never received his due, either from biographers or from any other historians of the early republic. John D. Morris has remedied this neglect in this attractive, well-researched, and interesting study of a man whose life and career reflected the changes that his family, his region, his nation, and his profession experienced between the age of Thomas Jefferson and the age of Andrew Jackson. Brown's early days were dominated by the problems of land speculation and commercial development in upstate New York, particularly those arising from the dependence of that region on Montreal as its major market. Economic necessity drove Brown to become a smuggler during the embargo years of 1807 to 1809, and he continued to do business with Montreal throughout his life. His political loyalty to the Republican party, however, was never in doubt, and after his role in repelling a British attack on Sackets Harbor in May 1813 he entered the army as a brigadier general and replacement for Zebulon Montgomery Pike. He then succeeded James Wilkinson as a major general in time to command American forces in the Niagara peninsula campaigns of 1814. Morris carefully analyzes Brown's conduct throughout these campaigns. He argues, convincingly, that Brown's main strengths were his determination, his organizational skills, and his ability to work well with other officers and with citizen soldiers; many of the latter, apparently, were less well trained in 1814 than the self-promoting Winfield Scott was later to claim credit for. That the United States did not accomplish more of strategic significance in these campaigns was less a comment on Brown's abilities than it was a reflection of the larger incapacity of the government to organize and coordinate its offensives against Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".