Reliability of Annual Changes and Monitoring Time Intervals for Bone Strength, Size, Density, and Microarchitectural Development at the Distal Radius and Tibia in Children: A 1-Year HR-pQCT Follow-Up
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) imaging, together with computational finite element analysis (FEA), offers an attractive, noninvasive tool to quantify bone strength development in pediatric studies. Evidence of annual changes and errors in repeated HR-pQCT measures is limited, and time intervals required to reliably capture changes in children's bone strength or microarchitecture have not yet been defined. Our objectives were: (1) to quantify annual changes in bone strength and microarchitectural properties; (2) to define precision errors for pediatric bone strength outcomes; (3) to characterize annual changes in contrast to pediatric precision errors; and (4) to estimate monitoring time intervals (MTIs) required to reliably characterize bone development at the distal radius and tibia. We obtained distal radius (7% of ulnar length) and tibia (8%) bone properties using HR-pQCT and FEA from 38 follow-up study participants (21 girls) at baseline (mean age 10.6 years, SD 1.7 years) and after 1 year; and from 32 precision study participants (16 girls) at baseline (mean age 11.3 years, SD 1.6 years) and after 1 week. We characterized mean annual changes (paired t tests) contrasted to pediatric precision errors (CV%RMS) and estimated MTIs. Annual increases in bone strength, total area, cortical thickness, and density ranged between 3.0% and 25.3% and 2.4% and 15.6% at the distal radius and tibia, respectively. Precision errors for all bone strength outcomes were ≤6.8% and ≤5.1% at the distal radius and tibia, respectively, and appeared lower than annual gains in bone strength at both sites. Cortical porosity decreased 19.6% at the distal radius and 6.6% at the distal tibia; these changes exceeded respective precision errors, indicating cortical bone consolidation. MTIs ranged between 0.5 years and infinity at the distal radius and 0.5 and 5.9 years at the distal tibia. Estimated MTIs suggest that pediatric bone strength, cortical bone density, and porosity development can be reliably monitored with annual measurements. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".