Facile synthesis of EDTA-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous phase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
EDTA-functionalized halloysite nanotubes (EDTA-HNTs) were synthesized by a two-step method. The structures of the EDTA-HNTs were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron spectroscopy. Then, the EDTA-HNTs were applied as adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous phase. Adsorption of methylene blue onto EDTA-HNTs was investigated with respect to adsorbent dose, contact time, initial methylene blue concentration, and temperature. A maximum adsorption capacity of 115.8 mg/g for methylene blue onto EDTA-HNTs at room temperature was achieved. The adsorption kinetics could be described by the pseudo-second-order model. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models were employed to describe the adsorption isotherms, and the results presented that the equilibrium data obeyed the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic parameters of ΔG0 and ΔH0 verified the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the methylene blue adsorption onto EDTA-HNTs. Moreover, the EDTA-HNTs could be facilely regenerated and efficiently reused, exhibiting a good prospect for the treatment of dye effluents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".