Experimental and numerical study of the characteristics of thermal and nonthermal offset buoyant jets discharged into stagnant water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the effect of receiving water conditions on offset buoyant jet behavior. Several experiments on the discharge of thermal and nonthermal horizontal buoyant offset jets into stagnant ambient water are conducted. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the time history of the jet velocity distribution. Various characteristics of the jet flow, such as the centerline jet trajectory, jet growth rate and jet velocity decay, are discussed. All comparative experiments are conducted with the same densimetric Froude numbers (Fr d , ranging from 9.9 to 29.8) and density differences ∆ρ, ranging from 5.1 to 17.41). The results show that the trajectories of thermal jets are not the same as those of nonthermal jets, which suggests that thermal jets travel farther than nonthermal jets. The experimental results were then compared to predictions of three Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models: the standard k-ε, realizable k-ε, and buoyancy-modified k-ε. The best prediction of the centerline jet trajectory was found to be obtained from realizable k-ε. The study results revealed that the source of buoyancy (salinity versus temperature for the same values of Fr d and same ∆ρ) affects the trajectory and mixing properties of the jet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".