The effect of Coulomb repulsion on the space-time resolution limits for ultrafast electron diffraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of electron sources capable of temporal resolution on the order of 1 ps or less raises a number of questions associated with the estimation of the physical meaning and accuracy of the dynamic parameters based on the analysis of time-dependent scattering intensity. The use of low brightness ultrashort pulses with few electrons leads to the necessity for increasing the total exposure time and lengthening the time of data acquisition, with attendant problems with the limited sample. The sample restrictions can be mitigated by increasing the charge per pulse, i.e., by going to high brightness sources. Increasing in the number of electrons, however, is limited by the Coulomb repulsion between them, which leads on one hand to distortion of the diffraction pattern and on the other hand to an increase in the duration of the pulse. An analytical technique for estimating the deformation of the diffraction pattern caused by the Coulomb repulsion of the electrons in electron bunches with duration of less than 10 ps and the influence of this effect on the accuracy of determination of the interatomic distances is developed for the non-relativistic and relativistic regimes for electron energies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".