Simplified First-Pass Design of High-Efficiency Class-F<sup>−1</sup> Power Amplifiers Based on Second-Harmonic Minima
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the source and implication of efficiency minima that is typically observed during the second-harmonic load-pull of transistor amplifiers. The study starts with the theoretical derivation of time-domain voltage and current waveforms as a function of conduction angle (α) at the second-harmonic efficiency minima, where the output power and drain efficiency (DE) are at minimum. Thereafter, this paper unfolds a systematic re-engineering approach that is developed to recover the performance degradation and to exploit the region of efficiency minima in favor of design and implementation of high-efficiency inverse class-F power amplifiers (PAs). Interestingly, the inferences drawn from the in-depth analysis are shown to provide a simplified first-pass design approach that guarantees inverse class-F PA operation without an a priori knowledge of device parasitic elements. Theoretical postulations and simulation results are experimentally validated using an on-wafer active harmonic load-pull and a prototype design using 1.95-mm NXP gallium nitride die at a frequency of 2.6 GHz. The designed PA delivers an output power of 40 dBm with DE of 76% and gain of 12 dB at 3-dB gain compression. The measurement results confirm the theoretical framework reported in this paper.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it