Tillage, compaction and wetting effects on NO3, N2O and N2 losses
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Denitrification is sensitive to changes in soil physical properties that affect solute transport, air content and gas diffusion. Using lysimeters, containing intact soil from intensively tilled (IT) and no-tilled (NT) soil used to grow forage crops, we examined how simulated animal treading at different moisture contents (above and below field capacity; >FC and <FC respectively) affected losses of nitrous oxide (N2O), dinitrogen (N2) and nitrate (NO3). We applied 15N-labelled NO3 (250 kg N ha–1) to the soil surface after treading (applied at 220 kPa to 40% of the soil surface), or to untrodden soil. Drainage occurred following weekly application of water over the experiment (two pore volumes over 84 days). Treading at >FC greatly increased denitrification, especially from IT soil and produced the greatest amount of N2 (64 kg N ha–1), N2O (8.2 kg N ha–1), as well as the lowest N2O to N2O + N2 ratio (0.08) and NO3 leaching (136 kg N ha–1 below 30 cm). In both the uncompacted or compacted soils <FC, emissions of N2O were greater (1.5–2.7% of N applied) and the N2O to N2O + N2 ratios were closer to 0.2 compared to compaction at >FC. Treading at <FC had minimal or no effect on denitrification compared to untrodden soil. Fluxes of N2 and N2O were strongly influenced by the weekly irrigation–drainage cycle. The N2 production and reduction in NO3 leaching were best correlated with increases in microporosity and reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity following treading. Although recovery of 15N was high (84.3%), the remainder of the balance was likely lost as either N2 or, of greater concern, as N2O. Practically, animal trampling on wet soils, especially when recently cultivated, should be avoided.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it