Bibliographic record
Abstract
The breakup process of a single drop in homogeneous isotropic turbulence was studied using direct numerical simulations. A diffuse interface free energy lattice Boltzmann method was applied. The detailed visualization of the breakup process confirmed breakup mechanisms previously outlined such as initial, independent, and cascade breakups. High‐resolution simulations allowed to visualize another drop breakup mechanism, burst breakup, which occurs when the mother drop has a large volume, and the flow is highly turbulent. The simulations indicate that the type of the breakup mechanism is a strong function of mother drop size and energy input. Large mother drops in highly turbulent flow fields are more likely to burst, producing a large number of drops of the size close to the Kolmogorov length scale. Small drops in moderate turbulence tend to break only once (initial breakup). The interfacial energy of a drop was tracked as a function of time during drop deformation and breakage. The maximum energy level of the deformed mother drop was compared to commonly used estimates of critical energy necessary to break a drop. Our results show that these reference levels of critical energy are usually underestimated. Moreover, in some cases even if the critical energy level was exceeded, the drop did not break because the time of the interaction between the drop and the eddies was not enough to finish the breakup. The numerical insight presented here can be used as a guideline for the selection of assumptions and simplifications behind breakup kernels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".