Application of Molar Volumes Obtained From a Solvent Extraction Method for Estimation of Sizes of Metal Complexes With Crown Ethers in Phases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Molar volumes (Vj) of ion-pair complexes (MLAz = j; z = 1, 2) and simple complex ions (CdL2+) without a pairing anion A− obtained at 298 K from the plots of the regular solution theory and the geometrical relation Vj = (4π/3)Rj3 were used for an estimation of their apparent radii (Rj) in liquid phases. Here, the cases for Mz+ = Li+-Cs+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ and L = 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) and benzo-18C6 (B18C6) with A− = Cl−-I− and picrate ion (Pic−) were examined. The thus-estimated Rj values were related to h(ML+), λmax, and (r+ + r−) values, where these symbols refer to the number of water molecules attached to the univalent complex ions, ML+, extracted into water-saturated nitrobenzene, absorption maxima of Pic− with ML+ in water-saturated chloroform, and the sum in an effective ionic radius, r+ or r−, between the central Mz+ and the pairing A−, respectively. The data points of j = Li(18C6)Pic, Na(18C6)Pic, M(B18C6)Pic with M = Na-Rb(I), Cd18C62+, Cd(18C6)Cl2, Cd(18C6)Br2, and Cd(18C6)I2 showed larger deviations from the line of Rj = (r+ + r−). While j = M(18C6)Pic with M = K-Cs(I) and M(18C6)Pic2 with Cd(II) and Pb(II) were on the line. It was demonstrated that essentially the former groups are present as water-separated and -shared ion pairs in the phases, while the latter ones as contact pairs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".