Application of Molar Volumes Obtained From a Solvent Extraction Method for Estimation of Sizes of Metal Complexes With Crown Ethers in Phases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Molar volumes (Vj) of ion-pair complexes (MLAz = j; z = 1, 2) and simple complex ions (CdL2+) without a pairing anion A− obtained at 298 K from the plots of the regular solution theory and the geometrical relation Vj = (4π/3)Rj3 were used for an estimation of their apparent radii (Rj) in liquid phases. Here, the cases for Mz+ = Li+-Cs+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ and L = 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) and benzo-18C6 (B18C6) with A− = Cl−-I− and picrate ion (Pic−) were examined. The thus-estimated Rj values were related to h(ML+), λmax, and (r+ + r−) values, where these symbols refer to the number of water molecules attached to the univalent complex ions, ML+, extracted into water-saturated nitrobenzene, absorption maxima of Pic− with ML+ in water-saturated chloroform, and the sum in an effective ionic radius, r+ or r−, between the central Mz+ and the pairing A−, respectively. The data points of j = Li(18C6)Pic, Na(18C6)Pic, M(B18C6)Pic with M = Na-Rb(I), Cd18C62+, Cd(18C6)Cl2, Cd(18C6)Br2, and Cd(18C6)I2 showed larger deviations from the line of Rj = (r+ + r−). While j = M(18C6)Pic with M = K-Cs(I) and M(18C6)Pic2 with Cd(II) and Pb(II) were on the line. It was demonstrated that essentially the former groups are present as water-separated and -shared ion pairs in the phases, while the latter ones as contact pairs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".