Laboratory measurements of solubility and swelling factor for CO<sub>2</sub>/Brine and CO<sub>2</sub>/heavy oil binary systems under low‐medium pressure and temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An extensive experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of various parameters such as temperature, pressure, and crude oil API gravity on the fluid interactions in the binary systems of brine‐CO 2 and two heavy oil‐CO 2 systems. The solubility of CO 2 in 20 000 ppm brine solution was measured at various experimental conditions. The solubility of CO 2 and swelling factor, due to the CO 2 dissolution, of two heavy crude oil samples (type‐I: °API = 20.44 and type‐II: °API = 15.49) were experimentally measured at various operating conditions. Results showed that the solubility of CO 2 in heavy oil increased when the experimental pressure increased, and when the experimental temperature decreased. At a constant pressure of P exp = 3.44 MPa, the solubility of the CO 2 was measured to be 10.13, 5.72 g CO 2 /100 g oil in the type‐I crude oil when the temperature increased from T = 21 to 45 °C. Increasing the experimental pressure from P exp = 1.38 MPa to 3.44 MPa at a constant temperature of T = 21 °C increased the solubility of the CO 2 from 2.37 to 7.84 g CO 2 /100 g oil in the type‐II crude oil. The reduction in the oil API gravity had an adverse effect on the CO 2 solubility. At a temperature of T = 21 °C and a pressure of P exp = 3.44 MPa, the CO 2 solubility decreased from ∼10.13 in the type‐I oil to 7.84 g CO 2 /100 g oil in the type‐II oil. The measured values of the swelling factor showed that the type‐I and type‐II crude oils could exhibit a maximum swelling factor of 1.079 and 1.052 at a temperature of T = 21 °C and a pressure of P exp = 3.44 MPa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".