Does historic construction suffer or benefit from the urban heat island effect in Ghent and global warming across Europe?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Renovating historical buildings with valuable facades often includes interior retrofitting, perhaps entailing an increased durability risk. However, the urban heat island effect and the ongoing climate change might mitigate the severity of frost action and mould growth. By means of heat air moisture (HAM) simulations in Delphin, this study evaluates interior retrofitting of solid masonry on three scales. First, the sensitivity to the intra-urban climatic differences of the freeze–thaw cycles in Ghent is analysed. Secondly, the spatial pattern of freeze–thaw behaviour across Europe is assessed. Finally, the influence of observed climate change on the European freeze–thaw pattern is investigated. A decreasing number of critical freeze–thaw cycles is found when comparing the rural area with the city centre of Ghent. Furthermore, due to climate change, the number of freeze–thaw cycles across Europe generally decreases as well, except at northern latitudes exposed to increased wind-driven rain loads.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".